The science of meditation
Nimal Rajapakse,
Ph.D.
Meditation: Over many millennia, people were aware of
the remarkable connection between the mind and the body. Recent scientific research on the effects of meditation on physiology
of man has discovered the basic mechanics behind this amazing connection.
However,
the 'science' of meditation, i.e. understanding how meditation effects the physiology of the meditator and the outcomes of
such effects have just begun to take shape thanks to several researchers based mainly in the United States.
Today,
over one thousand peer-reviewed scientific research articles published in many prestigious journals are available on this
subject.
Studies on meditation
Many studies
have shown that meditation has not only a mental effect but also wide ranging and profound physiological effects. In this
article, key physiological effects of meditation and the mechanism of action behind such effects are briefly summarized.
For in-depth
information on the subject, several excellent monographs and a large number of research papers are available. These can be
easily located using an internet search engine with a phrase such as 'meditation physiology' or 'science of meditation'.
Such recent
searches have resulted in over 1,800,000 citations, over 1000 of which are scientific research publications.
In his
pioneering work on the physiological effects of meditation, Dr. Herbert Benson of the Harvard Medical School, in 1971 published
the results of his first study on meditation followed by the multi-year national bestseller monograph, The Relaxation Response,
in 1975.
It is a
resounding testament to Dr. Benson's revolutionary insight about the 'fight or flight response versus the relaxation response'
that this groundbreaking monograph is still available as a mass market paperback even after 35 years of initial publication.
Dr. Benson
was the first to suggest that the cause for societal stress that we all experience from time to time in varying amounts is
the result of our inability to react to the stressful situations in the way our bodies are programmed naturally during human
evolution.
For millions
of years, as creatures living in forests, our ancient ancestors reacted to threatening situations in one of two ways. If the
threat was deemed manageable, they evoked the 'fight' response and fought off the threat. If the situation was deemed hopeless,
they ran for their lives invoking the 'flight' response. However, once we began to become more and more 'civilized' neither
of these responses became viable options.
The fight or flight reflexes
The fight
or flight reflexes prepare the body for survival action using the responses given on the left column in the table below. However,
modern man being unable to use up the physiological energy created this way by our natural instincts, had to learn to cope
with the civilized norms and not respond to the stressful situations as the nature had intended us to do.
The result
of this is the stress that we all experience. However, Dr. Benson pointed out that our bodies are capable of evoking another
response to curb the effects of the fight or flight response. He named this 'the relaxation response'.
The principal
difference between the two responses is that the fight or flight response is automatic and the relaxation response needs to
be consciously evoked. Meditation is the technique for evoking the relaxation response which bring about the results shown
in the right column in the table above.
Our bodies
respond to meditation through three physiological systems;
1. Autonomic
Nervous System,
2. Endocrine
System and,
3. Musculature
System.
These systems
are very tightly interconnected and therefore interdependent. The chemical changes resulting in one system often has a cascading
effect over the other systems.
The autonomic
nervous system controls the body parts which function automatically. It has two branches; the sympathetic nervous system which
increases arousal when the body is under threat.
The effect
of this system is the 'fight or flight response' which is characterized by increase in heart rate, blood pressure, breathing
rate, sweating, blood glucose, blood flow to muscles, alertness etc. The other, the parasympathetic nervous system, is responsible
for restoring the body to a relaxed state.
In simple
terms it can be stated that the sympathetic system is designed to handle the stressful situations and the parasympathetic
system to return the body to its natural (relaxed) state.
The endocrine system
To study
what part of the brain is effected by meditation, researchers at the Harvard Medical School used MRI technology to monitor
activity of the brain while the subjects meditated.
They observed
that meditation stimulated the sections of the brain in charge of the autonomic functions such as digestion, blood pressure
regulation etc. The endocrine system releases hormones which modify the action of the organs in response to the signals from
the autonomic system.
The main
organ of this system is the Adrenal gland situated above the kidneys. The adrenal gland produces the hormones adrenaline,
noradrenaline and cortisol. These three are responsible for preparing the body for survival by invoking the appropriate response
to any stressful situation at hand.
Most of
the other endocrine hormones are produced in the brain, particularly in the hypothalamus. These are associated with changes
in the mood, pain threshold, immune system activity and the tone of smooth muscles (the muscles of the organs).
The musculature
system consists of skeletal muscles (the muscles connected to the bones) and smooth muscles (the muscles of the organs). The
skeletal muscles are voluntary (work as commanded by the brain) where as the smooth muscles are autonomous (work involuntarily).
All types
of meditation effect all three above systems although in varying degrees. Most early research work had been done on Concentration
Meditation, particularly Transcendental Meditation (TM) and Breathing Meditation (anapana).
However,
more recently, publications are beginning to appear on Insight Meditation (vipassana) as well.
Control of breathing
One principal
mode of physiological effect of meditation appears to stem from the control of breathing. Respiration is directly linked with
the autonomic nervous system.
Chemical
receptors in the walls of aorta (central conduit from the heart to the body) and carotid arteries (main arteries in the neck
that supply blood to the brain) help to control breathing and are sensitive to changes of the amount of carbon dioxide (CO2)
circulating in the blood.
Over-breathing
results in lower CO2 concentration while under-breathing leads to a build up of CO2 in blood. Mildly higher CO2 levels result
in para-sympathetic dominance (relaxation) while severely higher CO2 levels result in sympathetic dominance (fight-flight
response).
Shallow
and controlled breathing in meditation causes mildly high CO2 levels and activates the parasympathetic system which leads
to a feeling of relaxation with decreasing in heart rate, blood pressure, blood coagulation time and acuity of senses.
These effects
are the result of reduction of the so called 'stress hormones' adrenaline, cortisol etc. and the increase of endorphins or
the feel good hormones facilitated by the endocrine system as mentioned above.
A recent
medical invention uses the above hypothesis to reduce high blood pressure simply by controlling the rate of breathing. A US
FDA approved electronic apparatus called RESPeRATE(r) utilizes patented technology to deliver certain kinds of breathing exercises.
It is nothing
more than a 'walkman' type listening devise which commands the listener to breath in and out on cue. When these exercises
are performed for as little as 15 minutes a day, 3-4 times a week, they have been shown to significantly lower blood pressure
with no side effects.
RESPeRATE(r),
available for purchase for about US$ 300 from www.bio-medical.com, utilizes a patented technology to pace breathing from the
normal range of 14 to 19 breaths per minute to the "therapeutic zone" of under 10 breaths per minute. The same reduction of
blood pressure could be simply achieved via meditation as mentioned above due to the slowing of the rate of breathing.
Furthermore,
studies of the brain using electroencephalography (EEG) during deep meditation have revealed a slowing and synchronization
of brain waves with alpha waves predominating. Emotional tension is known to severely curtail the alpha waves.
Another
type of brain activity called the theta wave, which is practically non existent in chronically stressed states, begin to emerge
as the meditator enters into a deeper level of concentration. Alpha state of the brain is most conducive to creativity and
to assimilation of new concepts while the theta state capable of producing deep insight and intuition.
It is significant
to note that increased alpha and theta activity of the brain continues to exhibit for some time even after the meditation
session has ended.
Studies
comparing different types of breathing during meditation have concluded that deep diaphragmatic (abdominal) breathing was
associated with higher EEG alpha response. Thoracic (chest) breathing on the other hand produced weaker alpha response.
Abdominal breathing
Abdominal
breathing in which the diaphragm moves up and down in concert with exhaling and inhaling respectively, is also known as 'Yogic
Breathing' since this practice was used by Yogis in India over many centuries.
A popular
public health web-site, WebMD, reported that follow up of several studies which began in the '80s have revealed significant
cardiac and cancer benefits among groups of meditators compared to control group of non-meditators.
The results
reported were quite amazing to say the least. Overall, the meditators were 23% less likely to die of heart disease and stroke.
The effect of meditation on hypertension was far more pronounced than all non-drug treatments such as salt restriction, exercise
and weight loss.
During
meditation the concentration of stress hormones such as adrenalin and cortisol in blood goes down. Cortisol is one of the
key stress hormones. Consistently high levels of Cortisol in blood result in a long list of physical ailments.
Another
hormone produced in the brain, CRF (Corticotrophin Releasing Factor) is the regulator of Cortisol production. Excess CRF in
brain tissue is linked to depression and mood swings.
Fast drop in lactate concentration
High levels
of Cortisol makes the body crave for fatty food. The excess fat intake is stored in the abdominal area and the resulting abdominal
obesity is a leading cause for type 2 diabetes, high blood pressure and heart disease.
Another
blood chemical significantly effected by meditation is Lactate. Lactate is a byproduct of sugar and starch metabolism. Higher
Lactate concentration in blood produces feeling of anxiety. Studies have shown up to four times as fast drop in Lactate concentration
in meditators compared to subjects resting while lying down.
During
meditation, blood flow to the brain increases while less blood is circulated to the rest of the body. Another blood chemical
Arginine vasopressin (AVP), a beneficial compound in retaining mental alertness, have been measured up to four times the normal
levels in meditators compared to control groups. AVP in synthetic form is routinely prescribed to patients with severe mental
dullness due to old age.
In essence,
modern science has uncovered the reasons behind the well known phenomenon 'the mind-body connection'. It can be stated in
simple terms that when practised regularly over a period of time, meditation can produce profound physiological effects.
It is quite
satisfying to see that this age old technique has finally undergone extensive scientific scrutiny. The conclusions on the
physiological benefits have been remarkable and the cascade of chemical processes uncovered in the studies are amazingly complex
and intricate.
The writer
hold a B.Sc. degree in Chemistry from the University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka and, M.Sc. and Ph.D. degrees from the University
of British Columbia, Canada.
When not
engaged in his professional field of Analytical Chemistry, his interests lie in the fields of Future of Religion and the Interaction
Between Religion and Science.
Comparison of the qualities of the Fight or Flight Response
and the relaxation response
Qualities of the Fight or
Qualities of theFlight Response
Relaxation Response
Increased heart rate
Decreased heart rateIncreased blood pressure
Decreased blood pressureIncreased respiratory rate
Diminished respiratory rateHigher pulse rate
Lower pulse rateIncreased oxygen consumption Decreased
oxygen consumptionIncreased blood lactate
Decreased blood lactateIncreased muscle tension
Decreased muscle tensionRapid production of cortisol Reduction
of cortisolProduction of noradrenaline
Reduction of noradrenalineUnconsciously elicited
Consciously elicitedStress inducing
Stress releasingOuter focus of attention
Inner focus of attentionEyes wide open
Eyes shutInvoluntary
VoluntaryExternal stimulus
Internal stimulusSurprise, unpredicted, stimulus
Daily routine or habit as stimulusUnplanned
PlannedActive internal dialog
Quiet, silent internal dialogNarrowing or focusing of attention Expansion of attention
Sensory
Senses transcendedPhysical activity
Mental activityPhysical movement
Physiology at restFrom non-movement towards movement From movement towards non-movement
Unlearned
LearnedElicited by loud noise
Elicited by subtle sound then silenceBuilds unhappiness
Builds happinessIncreases rate of aging
Decreases rate of agingHelps the individual survive and evolve Helps
the individual progress and evolveMost excitation of consciousness Least excitation
of consciousnessReady for most effort
Least effortRepeated elicitation may lead to use of Repeated elicitation diminishes need to use
drugs narcotics and drugsExperience of being at odds with Experience of being
at one with environmentenvironment
Attitude of resistance
Attitude of acceptance
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